Altaf Hussain Wani*
Narendra Modi has officially begun his third term as the Prime Minister of India, despite his party, the BJP, falling short of the majority mark in the recently concluded general elections. Unlike his previous ones, this third term presents Modi with a unique set of challenges and opportunities, both domestically and internationally.
Unlike his previous terms, where the BJP enjoyed a clear majority, Modi now heads a coalition government. Historically, coalition governments in India have struggled to implement significant reforms due to the need for consensus among diverse political allies. This time, Modi has to navigate a more complex political landscape, balancing the demands of coalition partners with the agenda of the BJP.
The presence of a strong opposition, emboldened by their recent electoral gains, adds to the complexity. The opposition alliance, which has consistently criticized Modi’s authoritarian tendencies and aggressive policies, is expected to challenge the government vigorously in parliament.
Managing these dynamics will test Modi’s leadership and political acumen. Modi has a proven track record of working independently and doing things in his fashion, therefore, running a coalition government successfully would be a whole new ballgame for him.
Modi’s third term places him alongside Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as one of the few Indian leaders to serve three consecutive terms as Prime Minister. His supporters celebrate this as a significant achievement, but it also brings into sharp focus the contentious aspects of his legacy.
Modi has been a polarizing figure. His role in the 2002 Gujarat riots and his association with Hindu nationalism have drawn significant criticism. Domestically, his tenure has seen rising communal tensions and controversial policies, such as the abrogation of Article 370, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), and the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
One of the most pressing challenges for Modi’s third term is addressing India’s human rights record. The Modi government has faced criticism for policies perceived as discriminatory against religious minorities, who make up around 30% of the population. His majoritarian politics have been accused of exacerbating communal tensions and undermining India’s secular fabric.
Modi’s third term offers a chance to shift this narrative. Upholding the constitution and promoting an inclusive approach could help mitigate religious tensions and address the criticisms of his authoritarian style. However, given Modi’s political roots in Hindu nationalism, such a fundamental shift seems unlikely.
Economic Challenges
India’s economic landscape presents a significant challenge. The unemployment rate, which rose to 8.1% in April, poses a serious problem for the country’s youth. Addressing unemployment is crucial for economic growth, social stability, and political security. Failure to do so could lead to increased radicalization and social unrest.
Economic disparity, inflation, and inequality also need urgent attention. While Modi has worked to position India as a rising global power, the country still lags behind regional competitors in several key areas. More than 35% of Indians live in poverty, and a significant portion of the population survives on less than $6.85 per day.
India’s status as one of the largest arms importers has implications for its economic priorities. The significant expenditure on defence reduces the resources available for education, health, and poverty alleviation. This imbalance needs to be addressed to foster sustainable development.
Several states, including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, and Telangana, have been seeking special category status under Article 371 of the Indian constitution. The coalition government may face renewed demands for this status, particularly from allied parties like JD(U) for Bihar and Congress for Andhra Pradesh.
The restoration of statehood for Jammu and Kashmir and the holding of assembly elections in the region also pose significant challenges. The political dynamics in Kashmir have shifted, and the government’s handling of these changes will be a true test of Indian democracy.
Engaging with Neighbours
Modi’s diplomatic efforts have aimed to establish India’s dominance in the region, but relations with neighbouring countries remain strained. Issues with China, Pakistan, and other bordering nations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal complicate India’s regional dynamics.
Strengthening diplomatic ties and resolving outstanding issues with these countries are critical for regional stability. India’s involvement in the internal affairs of its neighbours has often led to tensions that need careful management.
Building strong diplomatic ties with neighbouring countries, particularly Pakistan and China, remains a critical challenge. While the government has expressed its commitment to regional relationships, actual engagement has been slow.
India’s relationships with Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Nepal also require careful handling to prevent further deterioration. Each of these countries has concerns about India’s influence in their internal affairs.
A peaceful neighbourhood is essential for India’s economic growth and social development. Engaging with stakeholders to resolve longstanding disputes, including the Kashmir issue, is vital for regional stability and security. Modi’s third term offers a chance to address these challenges and leave a legacy of unity and progress.
The author is chairman of Islamabad-based think tank Kashmir Institute of International Relations (KIIR). He can be contacted at @sultan1913
—–
Have you liked the news article?